Change of paradigms in nephrology--a view back and a look forward.

‘Verlernen ist oft schwerer als lernen.’ (Arthur normal science is based upon a set of concepts or Koestler) paradigms. Normal science has cumulative character, (To forget is often more difficult than to learn.) i.e. involves collecting facts and unravelling problems which confirm the consistency and correctness of existing paradigms. By necessity, groundbreaking Scientific revolutions by change of paradigms innovations will shake the foundations of such tenets and are usually suppressed by normal science. Nevertheless, according to Kuhn, on certain occasions In his book The structure of scientific revolutions, T. S. normal science yields results which appear to be anomKuhn [1] distinguished between great and small revolualous and cannot be reconciled with the predictions tions in science and subjected such revolutions to more detailed analysis. He came to the conclusion that based on existing paradigms. Such anomalies can then